Aging and Disability Worksheet Essay

Recognize 2 or 3 issues looked by the maturing populace. 1 Unequal treatment in work †Poverty 2 Face bias and segregation †Ageism 3 Face disengagement †Elderly Abuse What is ageism? How does ageism impact the nearness of decent variety in the public arena? Ageism is the act of preference of segregation to the older. The way that ageism impacts the nearness of assorted variety in the public eye is by denying them of their of their decisions, freedom and rewarding them with affront. Additionally by regarding them as though they can't deal with things for themselves as though they have returned to a juvenile stage. It ought to be noticed that the old have a great deal of information and knowledge to bring to the table and can do likewise if not more than culture gives them acknowledgment for. Society likewise sees older individuals as wiped out, slight and incapable to deal with themselves. What is the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? How does the ADA address issues for the maturing populace? The ADA is a social equality law that was authorized in 1990 and that disallows victimization people with handicaps. This law tends to the issues for the maturing populace by shielding anybody that is 40+ from being terminated or from business segregation. It is intended to ensure the maturing and additionally older from being disregarded for an advancement or raise, be that as it may, it is troublesome. This law does in reality ensure against being terminated, notwithstanding, it doesn't do anything for acquiring business due to your age. This law was unquestionably intended to secure the older or maturing, and in short serves somewhat, in any case, I for one accept that there is more that should be possible to ensure the maturing or old somewhat more than they are. What is being done to address the issues you distinguished? There are political associations that have been built up for the older. One of those associations is the Older Women’s League (OWL), which was established in 1980. At that point there is the biggest association is the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), which was established in 1958. These associations were established for the sole reason for helping the old and maturing with discovering limits for medical coverage, nursing home change, annuity change, standardized savings benefits and a muriad of different resourses for the maturing and the older. The AAPR speaks to 1 in each 4 enrolled voters in the Untied States. (AARP 2003) Is the quantity of maturing populace expected to ascend in numbers or decline? The quantity of maturing populace is relied upon to ascend in numbers. As indicated by the Bureau of Census 2008c, the number of inhabitants in children of post war America What sorts of enactment might possibly be influenced by the maturing populace? How does destitution influence the maturing populace? Part II Answer the accompanying inquiries in 100 to 200 words each. Give references to all the sources you use. What does the ADA furnish for individuals with handicaps? How have individuals with inabilities been treated before? How has the disposition toward individuals with inabilities changed after some time? What are some exceptional conditions or issues experienced by individuals with handicaps? What is being done to address those issues? What kinds of enactment have been acquainted with address issues looked by individuals with handicaps? References: http://www.alfa.org/ Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth version, by Richard T. Schaefer. Distributed by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. American Disabilities Act National Nedwork, Information, Guidance, and Training on the American with Disability Act/adata.org/

Love Is Not All free essay sample

William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 116† and Edna St. Vincent Millay’s â€Å"Love Is Not All† both endeavor to characterize love, by determining what love is and what it isn't. Shakespeare’s piece acclaims love and talks about affection in its most perfect structure, while Millay’s sonnet starts by giving the feeling that the speaker feels that adoration isn't all, yet during the unfurling of the sonnet we locate the amusing truth that adoration is all. Shakespeare, then again, delineates love as great and essential from the earliest starting point as far as possible of his sonnet. Despite the fact that these two creators have adopted two totally various strategies, both have attempted to show the significance of adoration and to characterize it. In any case, Shakespeare is generally certain of his meaning of adoration, while Millay is by all accounts progressively bashful in characterizing such an amazing word. Shakespeare makes it known in the main line that he won't interfere with two individuals who are enamored. We will compose a custom paper test on Love Is Not All or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He accepts that adoration is sufficiently able to suffer allurement and not falter. On the off chance that affection is changed by another, a â€Å"remover† of adoration, it was not love. Nor, he says, loves change when conditions change in the third line. He even cases that genuine romance isn't enticed: â€Å"That looks on the storm and is never shaken† (6). Time is love’s most impressive foe, and this is shown by the upper casing of the word making it an absolutely real adversary of adoration. Anyway incredible Time is, Shakespeare is sure that affection is as yet more grounded. â€Å"Love’s not Time’s fool, however ruddy lips and cheeks/Within his twisting sickle’s compass come. † The reference to the sickle shows exactly the amount of a danger Shakespeare sees Time. Like Death, Time also conveys his sickle standing by to take love that depends on the flawlessness of youth. Obviously genuine affection can't be tricked by Time. Love can't be estimated in â€Å"brief hours and weeks† (11). In the above passages are recorded five things that Shakespeare asserts that affection isn't. What he argues love to be is a â€Å"ever fixed mark† (5) â€Å"Whose worth’s unknown† (8). In these lines he is stating that affection in constant and its worth can't be determined. In line seven he calls love â€Å"the star to each meandering bark,† contrasting it with a directing star to lost boats. At long last, in line twelve, he says that adoration â€Å"bears it out even to the edge of fate. So solid is love that it will go on until the most recent day of life. There is an ease to this work can be accounted to the poem’s structure. There is an essential rhyme that is predominant with more grounded rhyming and an auxiliary that has more vulnerable rhymes yet is still incredible in importance. Crooked with different lines, yet at the same time remembered for the single verse, is Shakespeare’s last affirmation. So persuaded is he that the thing he has said about affection is valid, he guarantees that if what he has expressed is demonstrated to not be right he â€Å"never writ, nor no man ever loved† (13-14). It is clear to all perusers that Shakespeare has composed much before one or the other man has cherished previously, so Shakespeare rules out inquiry. He has clearly recorded what he accepts love to be and what not to be and accepts with each ounce of his being that he is right. Edna Millay didn't mean to confound perusers by utilizing a title that so recklessly dismisses love, yet really structured the title for a chance to build up justification for her contention that affection is all. This is obvious in light of the fact that the title starts the trend for the initial six lines of the sonnet as they follow in comparative design, featuring the deficiency of affection when contrasted and the essential necessities forever. Millay, in a practically precise design, records all the things we have to endure that adoration can't supplant in the initial six lines of her sonnet: Love isn't all: it isn't meat nor drink Nor sleep nor a rooftop against the downpour; Nor yet a drifting fight to men that sink†¦ Love can't fill the thickened lung with breath, Nor clean the blood, nor set the broke bone. Millay unmistakably mentions to us what we definitely know, love can't take care of us or give us drink, give rest or safe house, spare a suffocating man, or give us air, clean blood, or recuperate broken bones. These are everything that we should have so as to endure, however despite the fact that affection can give us none of these things, Millay at that point proceeds to state that numerous men are kicking the bucket in view of an absence of adoration: â€Å"Yet numerous a man is warming up to death/Even as I talk, for absence of affection alone† (8-9). It imperative to take note of that the development of what love can't do is fundamental for the sensational announcement that we need love paying little heed to how futile it might appear. This is a blade ploy by Millay in light of the fact that in spite of the fact that she has adequately demonstrated how useless love is on a physical level, she has additionally viably indicated how important love is on an enthusiastic level. Note that the initial eight lines are a piece of a solitary sentence. This is significant on the grounds that it implies that on the off chance that we evacuate the rehashed graceful section found inside these lines, we find that Millay is just saying â€Å"Love isn't all†¦/Yet numerous a man is warming up to death/Even as I talk, for absence of affection alone† (1-8) . This is a legitimate end on the grounds that after the words â€Å"Love isn't all† the creator utilizes a colon, which implies that the lines following are essentially a definition for what she implies by â€Å"Love isn't all† (1) . At the point when placed in such basic terms, it’s simple to perceive how this is practically undefined from saying, â€Å"Love isn't all, however it is smarter to be dead than not have it. † The second 50% of the sonnet is totally different from the earliest starting point half in light of the fact that the lines that follow the primary sentence start to reveal Millay’s genuine belief about affection. Millay is done portraying the moves that others make with respect to an absence of affection, yet delivers a situation where she is compelled to pick among adoration and life herself. These lines start with â€Å"It well might be, † which is the sign that reveals to us that this sentence is presenting a theoretical circumstance. She keeps on clarifying the particular setting by they way she may be placed in this circumstance, especially portraying being â€Å"Pinned somewhere near pain† (10) and â€Å"nagged by need past resolution’s power† (11) . She at that point offers herself an answer: she could either â€Å"sell†¦ love for peace† or â€Å"trade the memory of a night of affection for food† (12-13) . At that point, in the absolute last line, we at long last find her solution: â€Å"It well might be. I don't think I would† (14) . This last line uncovers all that we needed to think about Millay’s character. She repeats â€Å"It well might be, † to mean that this situation could really occur, and afterward says that she doesn’t figure she would surrender love regardless of whether it was to discharge her from ghastly torment or to get her food she needs to live. In spite of the fact that she seems like she makes certain of her choice that adoration is â€Å"all, † she deliberately puts the word â€Å"think† in her announcement to give important knowledge to her actual sentiments. Saying she â€Å"thinks† she would not surrender love uncovered that she really is a little uncertain about creation her choice of whether love is all. As we see, however, she chooses love similar to the most significant thing; it is only a troublesome choice for her to make. In spite of the fact that the initial eight lines of this sonnet set up that affection is all, the very certainty she utilizes incongruity to reveal to us that adoration is all brings up further issues. For what reason would Millay feel it is suitable or fundamental, to utilize incongruity in conveying her message that affection is immeasurably significant? This strategy causes it to seem like she is uncertain of offering a positive expression about adoration. The way that she even proposes that life does not merit living without adoration lets us know, in any event, that she feels emphatically about the significance of affection. In any case, it’s vital to see that she utilizes others to build up that affection is too incredible to even think about living without. Line 7 peruses: â€Å"Yet numerous a man is warming up to death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Using the word â€Å"man† makes an understood differentiation between Millay, who is a lady, and the genuine individuals who are surrendering their life for the â€Å"lack of adoration alone† (8) . The very idea that she utilizes individuals other than herself to show that affection is all, starts to uncover her dread about creation an unequivocal proclamation concerning the significance of adoration. Both of these sonnets are elegantly composed and give amazing definitions for a word numerous individuals have burnt through much energy in describing: â€Å"love. The two scholars put forth their attempts by first clarifying what they accept love not to be and afterward by determining what they do accept love to be. At long last, Shakespeare’s definition is discovered increasingly reasonable just on the grounds that he trusts in it. While Shakespeare guarantees that what he says is vali d or â€Å"I never writ, nor no man ever loved,† Millay utilizes expressions, for example, â€Å"it may be† and â€Å"I think† to make her contention. It is hard for a peruser to think something Millay doesn't appear to make certain of herself, however it is anything but difficult to be persuaded of Shakespeare’s meaning of adoration, since he additionally fervently accepts what he says is valid.

Response to John Holt “School Is Bad for Children” Free Essays

A case of prior change: English Agriculture: 1500-1850 taken from: Agricultural Revolution in England the change of the agrarian economy 1500-1850 by Mark Overton Cambridge University Press, 1996 c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. We will compose a custom paper test on Reaction to John Holt â€Å"School Is Bad for Children† or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now 1 Estimates of English Agricultural Output 1520â€1850 18 16 Output †populace technique 250 Output †volume strategy †estimation of all out ag. yield (crops, meat, dairy) in ? million at 1850 costs 12 200 10 150 8 100 6 Output Index 1700=100 14 Population (millions) 300 Population †in millions (past cutoff 5-6 mln individuals) 4 50 2 0 1851 1831 1801 1791 1781 1761 1751 1741 1701 1661 651 1601 1551 80% of pop. in agric. for own family 1520 0 20% of pop. in agric. for business sectors c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 2 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 75 p. 8 A Rising Demand for Food 1520-1851 100 Agricultural populace 90 % of all out populace 80 70 Rural non-agric’l populace 60 50 40 Towns 5000, excl London 30 20 10 London 0 1520 1600 1670 1700 1750 1801 1851 â€Å"†¦the effect of London on the interest for food was more prominent than these figures demonstrate on the grounds that normal utilization per head in Lond on was in any event twofold the national normal. † c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 3 Imprint Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p138 A Changing Social Structure England Wales 1436-1973 % of possession 120 Crown 100 Black Plague 80 1348, 1350s, 1370x Church Yeomen freeholders Dissolution 60 of Gentry Monasteries 40 1530 20 Civil War Great proprietors 1640s 0 1436 (Eng) c. 1690 scope of evaluations for 1690 c. 1790 1873 (Eng. ) â€Å"The pioneers of new techniques in the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years †¦ were not the incredible landowners but rather littler ranchers †¦ the most emotional advances in yield and land efficiency came in those regions, (for example, Norfolk) where lordship was moderately powerless. c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 4 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 168 205 The Development of Markets 1600 1601-1650 de cli ne of Local markets, in 800 market towns; solid reg. , no agents permitted 1701-1750 1751-1800 1801-1850 Middlemen essential gu lat io 1750: Londo n Corn Exchange n between mkt towns 700 mi streams 1660 900 mi waterways 1700 1838: 60 million letters sent 1790: finish of local market reg. 15, 000 miles expressways en em l idd Trade 1663: exchanging putting away permitted feeble enforc’t of reg. Grain exchanged broadly in N. Europe 1772 20,000 miles roads rivate market’g by tests of 1690s? grain week after week grain costs distributed waterways connected m of se ri mama rke t re 1651-1700 1846: Corn Laws revoked 1830 c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 5 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, 137-47 passim Controlling the Use of Land by Enclosures post 1850 undated 1675-1749 1575-1674 1525-1574 1750-1849 100 90 1701-1750 1651-1700 1601-1650 1751-1800 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1551-1600 County Durham 1551-1850 184,733 all out grounds encased 0 % of encased real esatate 1450-1524 pre 1450 South Midlands 1450-1850 2,850,866 all out encased real esatate 1801-1850 660: Modern Law of Mortgage â€Å" From the mid-eighteeth century the most regular manner by which basic rights were evacuated was through a particular demonstration of parliament for the fenced in area of a specific region. †¦ Moreover the larger part required for nook was determined as far as sections of land instead of landowners †¦ † â€Å"†¦ the significant upsurge in horticultural yield and efficiency came after the mid-eighteenth century: this harmonizes with the significant eruption of parliamentary fenced in area. † c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 6 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 149-150 p. 167 Value of Enclosures so, the rancher on encased land, in Kalm’s words, ‘could in a thousand different ways improve his property and acquire cash. ’ [because] â€Å"the quantifiable profit made in that land by an individual would gather to that individual and not to the network all in all. † c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 7 Mark Overto n, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 149-150 p. 167 Development Diffusion of Technology 1600 1601-1650 1651-1700 1701-1750 1751-1800 1770s Jethro Tull seed drill imitated DIFFUSING 1801-1850 1851-1900 Norfolk system* spreads generally 1870 80% of wheat harvest’d with sickles 835 grass shearers 1790s R’m across the board furrow made in 1830s ag. engin’g 1850s seed drill neighborhood generally utilized indus. dev’d foundaries LEARNING Upsurge in ag. composing 1767 Royal Lancashire Ag. Society 1770s first neighborhood farmers’ assoc. 1664 Royal Society examines ag. rehearses 1630 turnips* known as feed crop 1803 23 neighborhood farmers’ assoc. 1838 Royal Ag. Society of Eng. 1850s wide scope of farm’g diaries: 17,000 perusers 1855 700 nearby farmers’ assoc. 1731 Jethro Tull’s seed drill INTRODUCING 1500s plans for seed drills distributed 1845 Circencester Ag’l College 1650s clover* shows u p as grain crop 1730 new R’m lough protected 1799 sickles presented in S. Engl’d c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 8 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, 122-32, passim Changes in Farming Techniques Norfolk 1250-1854 100% % land in turnips 90% 80% % land in clover 70% 60% % land in vegetables half 40% % land in grain 30% 20% Use of arable planted land, barring decrepit 2/third soil nitrogen lost by 1850 = need to oversee soil nitrogen 10% 0% 1250-1349 1350-1449 1584-1640 1660-1739 1836 1854 â€Å"Partly in light of the fact that these incorporated blended cultivating frameworks included such huge numbers of mutally subordinate segments their advancement required some investment. Subsequently the long slack between the appearance in England of clover, turnips and different parts of the Norfolk four-course framework and the flawlessness of the framework itself, whose far reaching dissemination must be dated to the principal half of the nineteenth century. † c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 9 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p120 p. 16 Larger Farms, Fewer Farmers 1714-1833 percent of all bequest grounds 100 The Example of the Leveson-Gower homes 1714-1833 Farm Size 200 sections of land 80 60 40 100-200 sections of land 20-100 sections of land 0-20 sections of land 0 1714-20 1759-79 1807-13 1829-33 c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 10 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p174 The Sequence of Change 1500-1850 6. Spread of specialized information utilize 5. New property rights secure advantages of speculation 4. Guidelines adjust to casual market real factors 3. Advancement of casual markets to address issue 2. Ease in social structure; eagerness to test 1. A rising interest/need c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 11 Time Lags in the Agricultural Revolution â€Å"Partly on the grounds that these incorporated blended cultivating frameworks involved such a large number of mutally subordinate segments their development required some investment. Thus the long slack between the appearance in England of clover, turnips and different segments of the Norfolk four-course framework and the flawlessness of the framework itself, whose broad dissemination must be dated to the primary portion of the nineteenth century. † Mark Overton, 1996 Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850 c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 12 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p120 point by point back-up slides follow c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 13 The Sequence of Change 1500-1850 6. Spread of specialized information utilize 1770-1870 dissemination of horticultural methods 5. New property rights secure advantages of speculation 1750-1850 Parliamentary Enclosure Acts 4. Guidelines adjust to casual market real factors 1750 London Corn Exchange; 1790 Domestic mrkt reg. finished 3. Advancement of casual markets to address issue: 1601-1650 corn exchanged between advertise towns 2. Ease in social structure; eagerness to try 1640s Civil War 1. A rising interest/need 1520 interest rising c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 14 Changes in Norfolk Farming 1250-1854 Wheat Yields Animals 70 Use of Arable Sown Land* 100% 90% 60 1250-1349 80% 1350-1449 60% 1660-1739 40 70% 1584-1640 50 half 30 40% 1854 30% 0 20% 10 10% 0% 0 Livestock ratio** Draft beasts*+ Wheat Yields* **Livestock units/100 sections of land *+ Oxen ponies/100 planted sections of land *Bushels of wheat/sections of land 12501349 13501449 15841640 % Land in turnips % Land in clover 16601739 1836 1854 % Land in vegetables % Land in grain *Excluding neglected land c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 15 Mark Overton, Agricultural R evolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p120 English Land Use Yields 1300-1850 1700 = 100 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1700 1800 1850 Arable Sown arable Meadow field Total 250 200 Cereal yields 150 100 Wheat yields 50 0 1300 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 16 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 86 Enclosing the Land 1450-1850 Enclosures in South Midlands 1450-1850 100 90 % of all out encased real esatate 80 70 Enclosures in County Durham 1551-1850 100 90 undated post 1850 80 70 1751-1800 1750-1849 60 1675-1749 1701-1750 50 1575-1674 40 1801-1850 1525-1574 40 1651-1700 30 1601-1650 1450-1524 20 pre 1450 20 1551-1600 10 0 (2,850,866 absolute encased grounds) (184,733 all out real esatate encased) c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 17 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 149-150 Step by step instructions to refer to Response to John Holt â€Å"School Is Bad for Children†, Essay models

Bragging in Admissions Essays

Bragging in Admissions Essays September 24, 2012 Dont brag in your college essays. Its a major mistake that too many college applicants make all of the time (photo credit: PJ). Bragging in admissions essays is a terrible idea. Its one of the worst things that you can do as you apply to highly selective colleges. Bragging will severely hurt your chances for admission. If you had a shot before you decided to brag, your shot is now entirely different. Its slimmer big time! Just because you watched last nights Emmy awards in which Hollywood celebrities congratulated themselves for their achievements this past year, that doesnt mean that you should be taking inspiration from them. Dont. Whatever you do. What do you think a college admissions counselor will think when they read that youre very proud of getting an A in AP Biology? Theyll think a.) why is this applicant bragging about his grade, b.) why does she care so much about grades that she is writing about it in her essay, and c.) why is she so boring as to write about her grades? And bragging doesnt always have to revolve around grades. Maybe its stating ever so slightly in your college admissions essay that you are the first chair violinist. Is that really necessary? Its already on your activity sheet. Why did you feel the need to restate this fact? Its clear and blatant bragging. Dont do it. College admissions counselors like all human beings dislike braggarts. They want to avoid them. They dont want to root for them. In fact, theyll root against them. In highly selective college admissions, what you want is to get college admissions counselors to go to bat for you, to fight for you. By bragging, not only will college admissions counselors not go to bat for you but they might even fight against your admission. Do you really want to open yourself up to this? Be very careful about bragging in admissions essays. You may not even realize that youre doing it because youre so used to bragging. Have someone else read over your essays or, at the very least, read over your essays with the only focus of searching for brags. Seriously. Were not kidding.

Measures of central tendency - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6267 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The one single value that reflects the nature and characteristics of the entire given data is called as central value. Central tendency refers to the middle point of a given distribution. It is other wise called as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"measures of location. The nature of this value is such that it always lies between the highest value and the lowest value of that series. In other wards, it lies at the centre or at the middle of the series. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD AVERAGE: Yule and Kendall have pointed out some basic characteristics which an average should satisfy to call it as good average. They are: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Measures of central tendency" essay for you Create order Average is the easiest method to calculate It should be rigidly defined. This says that, the series of whose average is calculated should have only one interpretation. One interpretation will avoid personal prejudice or bias. It should be representative of the entire series. In other wards, the value should lie between the upper and lower limit of the data. It should have capable of further algebraic treatment. In other wards, an ideal average is one which can be used for further statistical calculations. It should not be affected by the extreme values of the observation or series. DEFINITIONS: Different experts have defined differently to the concept of average. Gupta (2008) in his work has narrated Lawrence J. Kaplan definition as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"one of the most widely used set of summery figures is known as measures of location, which are often referred to as averages, measures of central tendency or central location. The purpose of computing an average value for a set of observation is to obtain a single value which is representative of all the items and which the mind can grasp simply and quickly. The single value is the point of location around which the individual items cluster. This opinion clearly narrates the basic purpose of computing an average. Similarly, Croxton and Cowden define the concept as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"an average is a single value within the range of the data that is used to represent all of the values in the series. Since the average is somewhere within the range of data, it is sometimes called a measure of central value. TYPES OF AVERAGES: Following five are frequently used types of an average or measure of central tendency. They are Arithmetic mean Weighted arithmetic mean Median Mode Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean All the above five types are discussed below in detail. THE ARITHMETIC MEAN: Arithmetic mean is the most simple and frequently used technique of computing central tendency. The average is also called as mean. It is other wise called as a single number representing a whole data set. It can be computed in a several ways. Commonly it can be computed by dividing the total value by the number of observations. Let à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"n be the number of items in a case. Each individual item in a list can be represented in a relationship as x1, x2, x3, ,xn. In this relationship, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"x1 is one value, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"x2 is another value in the series and the value extends upto a particular limit represented by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"xn. The dots in the relationship express that there are some values between the two extremes which are omitted in the relationship. Some people interprets the same relationship as, which can be read as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"x-sub-i, as i runs from 1 upto n. In case the numbers of variable in list is more, then it requires a long space for deriving the mean. Thus the summation notation is used to describe the entire relationship. The above relationship can be derived with the help of summation as: , representing the sum of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"x values, using the index à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"i to enumerate from the starting value i =1 to the ending value i = n. thus we have and the average can be represented as The symbol à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"i is again nothing but a continuing covariance. The readers should not be confused while using the notation , rather they can also use or or any other similar notation which are of same meaning. The mean of a series can be calculated in a number of ways. Following are some basic ways that are commonly used in researchers related to management and social sciences, particularly by the beginners. However, the readers should not be confused on sample mean and population mean. A sample of a population of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"n observations and the mean of sample is denoted by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å". Where as when one measure the population mean i.e., the entire variables of a study than the mean is represented by the symbol à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" µ, which is pronounced as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mue and is derived from the Greek letter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mu. Below we are discussing the concepts of sample mean. Type-1: In case of individual observation: a. Direct method- Mean or average can be calculated directly in the following way Step-1: First of all the researcher has to add all the observations of a given series. The observations are x1, x2, x3, xn. Step-2- Count how many observations are their in that series (n) Step-3- the following procedure than adopted to get the average. Thus the average or mean denoted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"and can be read as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"x bar is derives as: Thus it can be said that the average mark of the final contestants in the quiz competition is 67.6 marks which can be rounded over to 70 marks. b. Short-cut method- The average or mean can also be calculated by using short-cut method. This method is applicable when a particular series is having so many observations. In other wards, to reduce calculations this method is generally used. The steps of calculating mean by this method is as follows: i. The research has to assume any one value from the entire series. This value is called as assumed value. Let this value be denoted here as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"P. ii. Differentiate each a value from this assumed vale. That is find out individual values of each observation. Let this difference value be denoted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"B. Hence B=xn-P where n= 1,2,3,n. iii. Add all the difference value or get sum of B and count the number of observation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"n. iv. Putting the values in the following formula and get the value of mean. Type-2: In case of discrete observations or series of data: Discrete series are the variables whose values can be identified and isolated. In such a case the variant is a whole number, but is form frequency distribution. The data set derived in case-1 above is called as ungrouped data. The computations in case of these data are not difficult. Where as, if the data set is having frequencies are called as groped data. a. Direct method: Following are some steps of calculating mean by using the direct method i. In the first step, the values of each row (X) are to be multiplied by its respective frequencies (f). ii. Calculate the sum of the frequencies (column-2 in our example) at the end of the column denoted as iii. Calculate the sum of the X*f values at the end of the column (column-3 in our below derived example) denoted as iv. Mean () can be calculated by using the formula b. Short cut method: Arithmetic mean can also be calculated by using the short cut method or assumed mean method. This method is generally used by the researchers to avoid the time requirements and calculation complexities. Following are the steps of calculating mean by this method. i. The first step is to assume a value from the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"X values of the series (denoted as A= assumed value) ii. In this step in another column we have to calculate the deviation value (denoted as D) of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"X to that of assumed value (A) i.e., D = X-A iii. Multiply each D with f i.e., find our Df iv. Calculate the value of sum of at the end of respective columns. v. Mean can be calculated by using the formula as Type-3: In case of continuous observations or series of data: Another type of frequency distributions is there which consists of data that are grouped by classes. In such case each value of an observation falls somewhere in one of the classes. Calculation of arithmetic mean in case of grouped data is some what different from that of ungrouped data. To find out the arithmetic mean of continuous series, one has to calculate the midpoint of each class interval. To make midpoints come out in whole cents, one has to round up the value. Mean in continuous series can be calculated in two ways as derived below: a. Direct method: In this method, mean can be calculated by using the steps as i. First step is to calculate the mid point of each class interval. The mid point is denoted by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"m and can be calculated as . ii. Multiply the mid points of each class interval (m) with its respective frequencies (f) i.e., find out mf iii. Calculate the value of sum of at the end of respective columns. iv. Mean can be calculated by using the formula as b. Short cut method: Mean can also be calculated by using short cut method. Following are the steps to calculate mean by this method. i. First step is to calculate the mid point of each class interval. The mid point is denoted by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"m and can be calculated as . ii. Assume a value from the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"m values of the series (denoted as A= assumed value) iii. In this step in another column we have to calculate the deviation value (denoted as D) of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"m to that of assumed value (A) i.e., D = m A iv. Multiply each D with f i.e., find our Df v. Calculate the value of sum of at the end of respective columns. vi. Put the values in the following formula to get mean of the series THE WEIGHTED ARITHMETIC MEAN: In real life situation in management studies and social sciences, some items need more importance than that of the other items of that series. Hence, importance assigned to different items with the help of numerical value as per the priority basis in a series as called as weights. The arithmetic mean on the other hand, gives equal weightage or importance to each observation of the series. In such a case, the weighted mean acts as the most important tool for studying the behaviour of the entire set of study. Here use of weighted mean is the only measure of central tendency for getting correct and accurate result. Following is the procedures of computing mean of a weighted series. By the way, an important problem that arises while using weighted mean is regarding selection of weights. Weights may be either actual or arbitrary, i.e., estimated. The researcher will not face any difficulty, if the actual weights are assigned to the set of data. But in case, if actual data is not assigned than it is advisable to assign arbitrary or imaginary weights. Following are some steps of calculating weighted mean: i. In the first step, the values of each row (X) are to be multiplied by its respective weights (W) ii. Calculate the sum of the weights (column-2 in our example) at the end of the column denoted as iii. Calculate the sum of the X*W values at the end of the column (column-3 in our below derived example) denoted as iv. Mean () can be calculated by using the formula Advantages of Arithmetic mean: Following are some advantages of arithmetic mean. i. The concept is more familiar concept among the people. It is unique because each data set has only one mean. ii. It is very easy to compute and requires fewer calculations. As every data set has a mean, hence, as a measure mean can be calculated. iii. Mean represents a single value to the entire data set. Thus easily one can interpret a data set its characteristics. iv. An average can be calculated of any type of series. Disadvantages of Arithmetic mean: The disadvantages are as follows. i. One of the greatest disadvantages of average is that it is mostly affected by the extreme values. For example let consider Sachin Tendulkars score in last three matches. Let it be, 100 in first match, 2 in second match and 10 in third match. The average score of these three matches will me 100+2+10/3=37. Thus it implies that Tendulkars average score is 37 which is not correct. Hence lead to wrong conclusion. ii. It is not possible to compute mean for a data set that has open-ended classes at either the high or low end of the scale. iii. The arithmetic average sometimes gives such value which cannot be found from the data series from which it is calculated. iv. It is unrealistic. v. It cannot be identified observation or graphic method of representing the data and interpretation. THE MEDIAN: Another one technique to measure central tendency of a series of observation is the median. Median is generally that value of the entire series which divides the entire series into two equal parts from the middle. In other wards, it is the exactly middle value of the series. Hence, fifty percent of the observations in the series are above the median value and other fifty or half observations are remains below the median value. However, if the series are having odd numbers of observations like 3,5,7,9,11,13 etc., then the median value will be equal to one of the exact value from the series. On the other hand, if the series is having even observations, then median value can be calculated by getting the arithmetic mean of the two middle values of the observations of the series. Median an a technique of measuring central tendency can be best used in cases where the problem sought for more qualitative or psychological in nature such as health, intelligence, satisfaction etc. Definitions: The concept of median can be clearer from the definitions derived below. Connor defined it as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the median is the value which divides the distribution into two equal parts, one part comprising all values greater, and the other values less than the median. Where as Croxton and Cowden defined it as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the median is that value which divides a series so that one half or more of the items are equal to or less than it and one half or more of the items are equal to or greater than it. Median can be computed in three different series separately. All the cases are discussed separately below. Computation of Median in Individual Series Computation of Median in Discrete Series and Computation of Median in Continuous Series Computation of Median in Individual Series: Following are some steps to calculate the median in individual series. The first and the most important requirement is that the data should be arranged in an ascending (increasing) or descending (decreasing) order. Than the median value can be calculated by using the formula th value or item from the series. Where, N= Number of observation in that series. When N is odd number (like 5, 7,9,11,13 etc.) median value is one of the item within that series, but in case N will be a even number than median is the arithmetic mean of the two middle value after applying the above formula. The following problem can make the concept clear. Computation of Median in Discrete Series: Discrete series are those where the data set is assigned with frequencies or repetitions. Following are the steps of computing the median when the series is discrete. The first and the most important requirement is that the data should be arranged in an ascending (increasing) or descending (decreasing) order. In the third column of the table, calculate the cumulative frequencies. Than the median class can be calculated by using the formula th value or item from the cumulative frequencies of the series. Computation of Median in Continuous Series: Continuous series are the series of data where the data ranges are in class intervals. Each class is having an upper limit and a lower limit. In such cases the computation of median is little bit different from that of the other two cases discussed above. Following are some steps to get median in continuous series of data. The first and the most important requirement is that the data should be arranged in an ascending (increasing) or descending (decreasing) order. In the third column of the table, calculate the cumulative frequencies. Than the median class can be calculated by using the formula th value or item from the cumulative frequencies column of the series. Form the cumulative frequencies, one can get the median class i.e., in which class the value lies. This class is called as median class and one can get the lower value of the class and the upper value of the class. The following formula can be used to calculate the median We have to get the median class first. For this, median class is N/2 th value or 70/2= 35. The value 35 lies in the third row of the table against the class 30-40. Thus 30-40 is the median class and it shows that the median value lies in this class only. After getting the median class, to get the median value we have to apply the formula . Advantages of Median: Median as a measure of central tendency has following advantages of its own. It is very simple and can be easily understood. It is very easy to calculate and interpret. It Includes all the observations while calculation. Like that of arithmetic mean, median is not affected by the extreme values of the observation. It has the advantages for using further analysis. It can even used to calculate for open ended distribution. Disadvantages of Median: Median as a means to calculate central tendency is also not free from draw backs. Following are some important draw backs that are leveled against median. Median is not a widely measure to calculate central tendency like that of arithmetic mean and also mode. It is not based on algebraic treatment. THE MODE: Mode is defined as the value which occurs most often in the series or other wise called as the value having the highest frequencies. It is, hence, the value which has maximum concentration around it. Like that of median, mode is also more useful in case of qualitative data analysis. It can be used in problems generally having the discrete series of data and particularly, problems involving the expression of psychological determinants. Definitions: The concept of mode can be clearer from the definitions derived below. Croxten and Cowden defined it as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the mode of a distribution is the value at the point around which the items tend to be most heavily concentrated. It may be regarded as the most typical of a series of value. Similarly, in the words of Prof. Kenny à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the value of the variable which occurs most frequently in a distribution is called the mode. Mode can be computed in three different series separately. All the cases are discussed separately below. Computation of Mode in Individual Series Computation of Mode in Discrete Series and Computation of Mode in Continuous Series Computation of Mode in Individual Series: Calculation of mode in individual series is very easy. The data is to be arranged in a sequential order and that value which occurs maximum times in that series is the value mode. The following example will make the concept clear. Computation of Mode in Discrete Series: Discrete series are those where the data set is assigned with frequencies or repetitions. Hence directly, mode will be that value which is having maximum frequency. By the way, for accuracy in calculation, there is a method called as groping method which is frequently used for calculating mode. Following is the illustration to calculate mode of a series by using grouping method. Consider the following data set and calculate mode by using the grouping method. The calculation carried out in different steps is derived as: Step-1: Sum of two frequencies including the first one i.e., 1+2=3, then 4+3=7, then 2+1=3 etc. Step-2: Sum of two frequencies excluding the first one i.e., 2+4=7, then 3+2=5, then 1+2=3 etc. Step-3: Sum of three frequencies including the first one i.e., 1+2+4=7, then 3+2+1=6 etc. Step-4: Sum of two frequencies excluding the first one i.e., 2+4+3=9, then 2+1+2=5 etc. Step-5: Sum of three frequencies excluding the first and second i.e., 4+3+2=9, then 1+2+1=4. Computation of Mode in Continuous Series: As already discussed, continuous series are the series of data where the data ranges are in class intervals. Each class is having an upper limit and a lower limit. In such cases the computation of mode is little bit different from that of the other two cases discussed above. Following are some steps to get mode in continuous series of data. Select the mode class. A mode class can be selected by selecting the highest frequency size. Mode value can be calculated by using the following formula Advantages of Mode: Following are some important advantages of mode as a measure of central tendency. It is easy to calculate and easy to understand. It eliminates the impact of extreme values. It is easy to locate and in some cases we can estimate mode by mere inspection. It is not affected by extreme values. Disadvantages of Mode: Following are some important disadvantages of mode. It is not suitable for further mathematical treatment. It may lead to a wrong conclusion. Some critiques criticized mode by saying that mode is influenced by length of the class interval. THE GEOMETRIC MEAN: Geometric mean, as another measure of central tendency is very much useful in social science and business related problems. It is an average which is most suitable when large weights have to be assigned to small values of observations and small weights to large values of observation. Geometric mean best suits to the problems where a particular situation changes over time in percentage terms. Hence it is basically used to find the average percent increase or decrease in sales, production, population etc. Again it is also considered to be the best average in the construction of index numbers. Geometric mean is defined as the Nth root of the product where there are N observations of a given series of data. For example, if a series is having only two observations then N will be two or we will take square root of the observations. Similarly, when series is having three observations then we have to take cube root and the process will continue like wise. Geometric mean can be calculated separately for two sets of data. Both are discussed below. When the data is ungrouped: In case of ungrouped series of observations, GM can be calculated by using the following formula: where X1 , X2 , X3, XN various observations of a series and N is the Nth observation of the data. But it is very difficult to calculate GM by using the above formula. Hence the above formula needs to be simplified. To simplify the formula, both side of the above formula is to be taken logarithms. To calculate the G.M. of an ungrouped data, following steps are to be adopted. Take the log of individual observations i.e., calculate log X. Make the sum of all log X values i.e., calculate Then use the above formula to calculate the G.M. of the series. When the data is grouped: Calculation of geometric mean in case of grouped data is little bit different from that of calculation of G.M. in case of ungrouped series. Following are some steps to calculate the G.M. in case of grouped data series. To calculate the G.M. of a grouped data, following steps are to be adopted. Take the mid point of the continuous series. Take the log of mid points i.e., calculate log X and it can also be denoted as log m Make the sum of all log X values i.e., calculate or Then use the following formula to calculate the G.M. of the series. Advantages of G.M.: Following are some advantages of G.M. i. One of the greatest advantages of G.M. is that it can be possible for further algebraic treatment i.e., combined G.M., can be calculated when there is availability of G.M., of two or more series along with their corresponding number of observations. ii. It is a very useful method of getting average when the series of observation possess rates of growth i.e., increase or decrease over a period of time. iii. Since it is useful in averaging ratios and percentages, hence, are more useful in social science and business related problems. Disadvantages of G.M.: G.M., as a technique of calculating central value is also not free from defects. Following are some disadvantages of G.M. i. It is very difficult to calculate the value of log and antilog and hence, compared to other methods of central tendency, G.M., is very difficult to compute. ii. The greatest disadvantage of G.M., is that it cannot be used when the series is having both negative or positive observations and observations having more zero values. THE HARMONIC MEAN: The last technique of getting the central tendency of a series of data is the Harmonic mean (H.M.). Harmonic mean, like the other methods of central tendency is not clearly defined. It is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocal of the individual observations. H.M., is very much useful in those cases of observations where the nature of data is such that it express the average rate of growth of any events. For example, the average rate of increase of sales or profits, the average speed of a train or bus or a journey can be completed etc. Following is the general formula to calculate H.M.: When the data is ungrouped: When the observations of the series are ungrouped, H.M., can be calculated as: The step for calculating H.M., of ungrouped data by using the derived formula is very simple. In such a case, one has to find out the values of 1/X and then sum of 1/X. When the data is grouped: In case of grouped data, the formula for calculating H.M., is discussed as below: Take the mid point of the continuous series. Calculate 1/X and it can also be denoted as 1/m Make the sum of all 1/X values i.e., calculate Then use the following formula to calculate the H.M. of the series. Advantages of H.M.: Harmonic mean as a measure of central tendency is having following advantages. i. Harmonic mean considers each and every observation of the series. ii. It is simple to compute when compared to G.M. iii. It is very useful for averaging rates. Disadvantages of H.M.: Following are some disadvantages of H.M. i. It is rarely used as a technique of measuring central tendency. ii. It is not defined clearly like that of other techniques of measuring central value mean, median and mode. iii. Like that of G.M., H.M., cannot be used when the series is having both negative or positive observations and observations having more zero values. CONCLUSION: An average is a single value representing a group of values. Each type of averages has their own advantages and disadvantages and hence, they are having their own usefulness. But it is always confusing among the researchers that which average is the best among the five different techniques that we have discussed above? The answer to this question is very simple and says that no single average can be considered as best for all types of data. However, experts opine two considerations that the researchers must be kept in mind while going for selecting a technique to determine the average. The first consideration is that of determining the nature of data. If the data is more skewed it is better to avoid arithmetic mean, if the data is having gap around the middle value of the series, then median should be avoided and on the other hand, if the nature of series is such that they are unequal in class-intervals, then mode is to be avoided. The second consideration is on the type of value req uired. When there is need of composite average of all absolute or relative values, then arithmetic mean or geometric mean is to be selected, in case the researcher is in need of a middle value of the series, then median may be the best choice, but in case the most common value is needed, then will not be any alternative except mode. Similarly, Harmonic mean is useful in averaging ratios and percentages. SUMMERY: 1. Different experts have defined differently to the concept of average. 2. Arithmetic mean is the most simple and frequently used technique of computing central tendency. The average is also called as mean. It is other wise called as a single number representing a whole data set. 3. The best use of arithmetic mean is at the time of correcting some wrong entered data. For example in a group of 10 students, scoring an average of 60 marks, in a paper it was wrongly marked 70 instead of 65. the solution in such a cases is derived below: 4. In such a case, the weighted mean acts as the most important tool for studying the behaviour of the entire set of study. Here use of weighted mean is the only measure of central tendency for getting correct and accurate result. 5. Median is generally that value of the entire series which divides the entire series into two equal parts from the middle. 6. Mode is defined as the value which occurs most often in the series or other wise called as the value having the highest frequencies. It is, hence, the value which has maximum concentration around it. 7. Geometric mean is defined as the Nth root of the product where there are N observations of a given series of data. 8. Harmonic mean is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocal of the individual observations. QUESTIONS: 1. In a class containing 90 students following heights (in inches) has been observed. Based on the data calculate the mean, median and mode of the class. 2. In a physical test camp meant for selection of army solders the following heights of the candidates have been observed. Find the mean, median and mode of the distribution. 3. From the distribution derived below, calculate mean and standard deviation of the series. 4. The following table derives the marks obtained in Indian Economy paper by 90 students in a class. Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following distribution. 5. The monthly profits of 180 shop keepers selling different commodities in a city footpath is derived below. Calculate the mean and median of the distribution. 6. The daily wage of 130 labourers working in a cotton mill in Ahmadabad cith is derived below. Calculate the mean, median and mode. 7. There is always controversy before the BCCI before selection of batsmen between Rahul Dravid and V.V.S. Laxman. Runs of 10 test matches of both the players are given below. Suggest who the better run getter is and who the consistent player is. 8. Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following distribution. 9. What do you mean by measure of central tendency? How far it helpful to a decision-maker in the process of decision making? 10. Define measure of central tendency? What are the basic criteria of a good average? 11. What do you mean by measure of central tendency? Compare and contrast arithmetic mean, median and mode by pointing out the advantages and disadvantages. 12. The expenditure on purchase of snacks by a group of hosteller per week is give below. Calculate the mean, median and mode of the series. 13. The mean, median and mode of a group of 85 persons were calculated as 28, 31 and 36 respectively. It was later found that while calculating these values, one value was wrongly calculated as 46 instead of the correct value 56. What will be the effect on the correction of this value on the observation? 14. Mr Sachdeva has been heading the computer department of an organization since last 7 years. Following are the year wise expenditure in Rupee for 17 years that has been spent for the maintenance of the computers. 15. Yesh Travels Limited, a travel agent is having 20 cars which are used as taxi in Greater Noida of Uttar Pradesh. The owner of the Travel agent in a surprise check asked the manager the weekly mileage records of all the 20 cars. Being the owner of the travel agent, calculate: (a) the median miles of a car traveled during the week, (b) mean mileage of the cars 16. Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is in news since last three months because of repeated cases of fire in its low line buses that is running from different destinations in Delhi city. The high level committee set up of by the chief minister of Delhi is in the process of investigation about the cause of the fire in buses. One of the important causes that the driver of a bus explained is the excessive speed of the buses. It is estimated that in all the routes that the buses are running requires 45 minutes. The sample data derived below shows the arrival time that had taken by some buses to their destination. Conclude from the data the reality. 17. The ages of the students pursuing their master degree in a class is given by following distribution. Estimate the modal value. 18. Calculate the arithmetic mean of the following set of data by using (a) direct method and (b) short-cut method: 19. Following is the daily wage structure of some employees who are working in M/s. Ansul Food Process on daily basis. Calculate the arithmetic mean by using (a) direct method and (b) short-cut method. 20. A candidate has attended three papers like Indian Economics (IE), Statistics (S) and econometrics (E) to clear his M.Phil degree. In each subject he has to appear a oral tests of 40 marks and written test of 60 marks. He secured 25, 21 and 18 marks in oral tests and 52, 35 and 31 marks in written tests in subjects IE, S and E respectively. You have to calculate the weighted average of marks obtained in written test taking the weights percentage of marks obtained in corresponding oral test. 21. A candidate has obtained the following percentage of marks in an examination: Business Law 65, Statistics for Managers 70, Managerial Economics 62, Business Communication 55 and Organisation Behaviour 58. The weights allocated to each subject are as 4, 1, 2, 3, and 3 respectively. Calculate the weighted mean. 22. Tata Motors Limited wanted to offer a cash gift of 7 per cent on the number of cars sold by its sales managers in Northern region of India. Calculate the mode and the median taking the average value. 23. Obtain the median and mode from the following records of a school. 24. Calculate the mean and median of the following data series: 25. Following is the temperature that is maintained in a cold storage in different seasons to preserve the vegetables. Calculate the mean and mode of the series. 26. Find the median from the following data: 27. The distribution of 2000 houses of a locality according to their distance from a petrol pump is given in the following table: 28. A housewife saves Rs. 1/- on the first day, Rs. 2/- on the second day, Rs. 3/- on third day and Rs. 31/- on the 31st day in a particular month. Calculate the mean and median of per day savings. In the amount, her husband contributes Rs. 100 on the 32nd day and Rs. 600/- on the 33rd day. Calculate the new mean and median of savings per day. 29. Compute the mode value of the following data: 30.Calculate the modal value of the following distribution. 31. The distribution of the marks obtained by 70 students of a class in a class is given below: 32. The average rainfall for a week, excluding Sunday, was 12 cms. Sunday was observed heavy rainfall for which when Sunday was included on the other days the average rose to 18 cms. Get how much rainfall was on Sunday? 33. The mean age of the combined group of men and women is 31.5 years. If the mean age of the sub-group of men is 36 years and that of the sub-group of women is 24 years, find out percentage of men and women in the group. 34. The arithmetic mean of 60 items of a series was estimated by an entrepreneur as 22. However, it was latter calculated by the auditor that an item 26 was wrongly calculated as 62. Calculate the correct mean. 35. The sales of a street ice cream seller on seven days of a week during summer season are given below. If the profit is 15% of the sales, find his average profits per day. 36.Calculate the mode of the following data: 37. Calculate the mode of the following distribution: 38. The distribution derived below reveals monthly expenditure on food items incurred by a sample of 135 families in Jalbau Bihar, a residential colony at Greater Noida. Calculate the modal value of the distribution. 39. Calculate the geometric mean of the following data: 40. A distribution is derived below. Calculate the geometric mean. 41. Calculate the geometric mean of the following distribution: 42. In between the years 2005-2009, precious metals changes rapidly in their value in the market. The total rate of return (in %) data is derived in the table below: Calculate the geometric mean of Gold, Diamond and Silver. What conclusions can one draw out of the above result? 43. The data derived below represents the battery life (in minutes) for mobile phones of different brand available in the market. Calculate the mean and median of the series. Calculate the mean deviation, standard deviation.

The Texas Revolution Essay - 1025 Words

The Texas Revolution By Jessica Bouillon Texas History The Texas Revolution was a key point in our nation’s history and in the history of the state of Texas. For, if Texas had not revolted the way that they did, it would probably not have become a state. There are many causes that are speculated on why Texas revolted whether they are political disputes against the Centralist party in Mexico that had primary control at the time of the Revolution. These and more will be explored. Also, there are key battles in the Texas Revolution that decided the final fate of Texas, none more famous than the famous Battle of San Jacinto and The Alamo. The most popular, speculated cause of the Texas Revolution is that Texas was following in the†¦show more content†¦Still another speculated cause for the revolution in Texas was economics. There were many land speculators that were also U.S. migrants to Texas that were intent on making money from selling land. They had speculators in Texas, and Coahuila and financial centers in New York and Philadelphia. The speculators would speculate how much a piece of land was worth then sell it and turn the profits over to a financial center and make a tremendous profit from it. Yet another reason why Texans might have revolted was that they were trying to preserve and maintain the political values and economic gain while under the Constitution of 1824. It gave Texas a steady population flow of American migrants moving onto Texas soil. It also gave them political liberty, freedom to own slaves and a steady economic progression. But Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, president of Mexico, wished to impose a stricter rule which could also explain why Texas felt the need to separate from Mexico. Another speculated cause was that the Anglo-Americans that lived there refused to conform to the Mexican rules and laws. Most were protestant and therefore refused to convert to Catholicism. 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The Texas Revolution otherwise known as The War of Texas Independence occurred between October 1835 to AprilRead MoreWhy The Texans Were Victorious At San Jacinto1315 Words   |  6 Pages1836 in soon to be a free Texas, the weather was warm with a slight breeze on this day the 21st of April. One army fueled with rage for revenge and the other just searching for their reasons to keep marching on this far against an inferior army. The Texas revolution may have begun with the battle of Gonzales, but through sheer determination and resiliency how a ragtag army were victorious at the battle of San Jacinto. A victory which would shape the history of Mexico, Texas, United States and theRead MoreTexas Battle For Independence And Juan Seguin Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesTexas’ Battle for Independence and Juan Seguin The battle for Texas’ independence was a hard battle. Many lives were taken, home destroyed, and families were torn apart. Texas residents wanted to break away from Mexico and become a self-governing republic inside of Mexico because they did not like Santa Anna’s laws. Mexico did not allow slave immigration, so Texas wanted to be a part of the United States that allowed slavery. But the main reason was that Mexico would not change or consider any governmentRead MoreThe State Of Texas Gained Its Independence1089 Words   |  5 PagesThe state of Texas gained its independence on December 29, 1845 after six and a half enduring months of ceaseless brawls. The colonization of Texas first began with Stephen F. Austin, whom is also recognized as the Father of Texas. Stephen began the uprising for self-reliance against the Army of Mexico, led by Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna, when he proposed opening up Texas to a swamp of immigrants. This action of his branched off through out the years into countless battles for the Lonestar state toRead MoreThe Mexican State Of Coahuila Y Tejas1287 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican settlement in Texas began with the encouragement of first the Spanish, and then Mexican, governments. In the summer of 1820 Moses Austin, a bankrupt 59-year old Missourian, asked Spanish authorities for a large Texas land tract which he would promote and sell to American pioneers. The request by Austin seemed preposterous. His background was that of a Philadelphia dry goods merchant, a Virginia mine operator, a Louisiana judge, and a Missouri banker. But early in 1821, the Spanish government

Tough Guise free essay sample

A response to the documentary Tough Guise by J. Katz on hegemonic masculinity. The paper reviews the documentary, Tough Guise by J. Katz on the crisis of Americas notion of masculinity. The paper discusses Katzs point that television and movie audience members are not passive recipients to the text and visuals, but instead incorporate what they see and hear into their own lives and social situations in many different ways. It shows how the effects of media and television manifest themselves in a multitude of anti-social behaviors, including the rise of hegemonic masculinity and violence in young and teenage boys. As an agent of socialization in todays society, movies play a very large role in sculpting the thoughts, opinions, and actions of children and young adults. Most movies portray men as strong, dominant, intimidating, independent, respected and in control. By doing this, we as a society are reinforcing in boys that violence is conceived to be a normal part of being men and is admired. Parents treat sons and daughters differently. Little boys are taught to be tough. When little boy’s cry their parents might respond by telling him to grow up, and be a tough. However if a little girl did the same thing she would most likely receive more sympathy from her parents. A good example of this is in athletics. It is acceptable for a female athlete to cry when an injury takes place. But male athletes are usually made fun of for being â€Å"weak† or â€Å"sissies. † These expectations can be harmful to boys and men. According to Dennis Thompson, some studies show men and women share more emotional similarities than differences. When men are forced to hold in their emotions, they are more likely to suffer from high blood pressure, and participate in riskier behaviors such as smoking or drinking. (Gender Differences in Emotional Health.   EverydayHealth. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. ) Boys and men should be allowed to grow up with non-stereotypical responses to their true emotional needs. Due to this tough guise persona, women suffer too. In the documentary â€Å"Tough Guise† Jackson Katz talks about the modern multicultural women’s movement. Katz explains how this movement in history has given men new intakes about relationships, work, and parenting. There are now many young men today who are very open minded about relationships between men and women, and sexual equality. But there has also been a â€Å"backlash. † This means some men are not adjusting to these cultural changes. For example Howard Stern plays the role of a â€Å"bad boy† who is only famous for demeaning women. Stern shows women as objects by airing them on television half naked and uses degrading names. Howard Stern makes young male viewers feel good about themselves by degrading women and regressing back to traditional sexist ways. Not only are young men seeing people like Howard Stern as the â€Å"social norm,† they are also being influenced by sexual violence films. Many slasher films show women in sexually explicit ways right before they are being assaulted. Jackson Kratz seems to think this might be why so many men are sexually assaulting women. Violence is rapid among boys and men, which is affecting our whole society. Men and boys are being bullied in their schools. This is resulting in mass murders. In order to show dominance boys and men are relying on guns. In fact, the boys interviewed felt they needed to seek revenge on those who bullied them to assert their manhood. Luke Woodham, who carried out the Pearl, Mississippi, quoted â€Å"people called me gay, stupid, fat, and lazy. Murder is not weak and slow-witted, murder is gutsy and daring. † I am not insane; I did this to show society that people like me are mistreated every day. † ( The Day Luke Woodham Killed All Those People.   YouTube. YouTube, 15 Apr. 008. )   Luke Woodham was did not fit into societies cultural norm; therefore felt the need to show his dominance by taking life’s. These are things society needs to think about. Unfortunately Men are putting up a front for society. With this being said men go through a lot in order to fit the stereotypical â€Å"manly man. † Our culture needs to see all of th e negative outcomes of putting this kind of pressure on men. Men should be allowed to be true to themselves without being judged. When men are expected to fit a certain stereotype, this sometimes results in violence against women, and society.